Not the best way, but if you measure, with calipers, measure the distance between the edge of the holes, measurer each bore and divide each by two and add that to the first measurement.
If you had gauge pins that fit the two bores, you could measure between them and then add half the diameter of each.
Thing is, calipers are not the most exact way to measure anything.
If you had a height gauge, and a 1 tenth dial gauge, you could get real close. And if you had expanding bore mics even closer.
If you had a CNC and a gage for finding the center of holes, even closer. (I had one of those but can’t remember the name. Expensive) You could find the center of one hole, dial over and find the center of the other and the CNC read out would tell you the exact center to center. Of course you would have to be sure both hole centers where exactly on the same X axes. Of course with a little trig you could compensate for that.
And you thought this was going to be easy. I have this idea that people, who sell these long rods, know few people have the tools to measure if they got what they paid for.